进阶教程：如何编写可重用的应用程序¶

Reusability matters¶

It’s a lot of work to design, build, test and maintain a web application. Many Python and Django projects share common problems. Wouldn’t it be great if we could save some of this repeated work?

Reusability is the way of life in Python. The Python Package Index (PyPI) has a vast range of packages you can use in your own Python programs. Check out Django Packages for existing reusable apps you could incorporate in your project. Django itself is also just a Python package. This means that you can take existing Python packages or Django apps and compose them into your own web project. You only need to write the parts that make your project unique.

Let’s say you were starting a new project that needed a polls app like the one we’ve been working on. How do you make this app reusable? Luckily, you’re well on the way already. In Tutorial 3, we saw how we could decouple polls from the project-level URLconf using an include. In this tutorial, we’ll take further steps to make the app easy to use in new projects and ready to publish for others to install and use.

Your project and your reusable app¶

After the previous tutorials, our project should look like this:

mysite/
    manage.py
    mysite/
        __init__.py
        settings.py
        urls.py
        wsgi.py
    polls/
        admin.py
        __init__.py
        models.py
        tests.py
        templates/
            polls/
                detail.html
                index.html
                results.html
        urls.py
        views.py
    templates/
        admin/
            base_site.html

You created mysite/templates in Tutorial 2, and polls/templates in Tutorial 3. Now perhaps it is clearer why we chose to have separate template directories for the project and application: everything that is part of the polls application is in polls. It makes the application self-contained and easier to drop into a new project.

The polls directory could now be copied into a new Django project and immediately reused. It’s not quite ready to be published though. For that, we need to package the app to make it easy for others to install.

Installing some prerequisites¶

The current state of Python packaging is a bit muddled with various tools. For this tutorial, we’re going to use distribute to build our package. It’s a community-maintained fork of the older setuptools project. We’ll also be using pip to uninstall it after we’re finished. You should install these two packages now. If you need help, you can refer to how to install Django with pip. You can install distribute the same way.

Packaging your app¶

Python packaging refers to preparing your app in a specific format that can be easily installed and used. Django itself is packaged very much like this. For a small app like polls, this process isn’t too difficult.

1. First, create a parent directory for polls, outside of your Django project. Call this directory django-polls.

2. Move the polls directory into the django-polls directory.

3. Create a file django-polls/README.txt with the following contents:

   =====
   Polls
   =====
   
   Polls is a simple Django app to conduct Web-based polls. For each
   question, visitors can choose between a fixed number of answers.
   
   Detailed documentation is in the "docs" directory.
   
   Quick start
   -----------
   
   1. Add "polls" to your INSTALLED_APPS setting like this::
   
         INSTALLED_APPS = (
             ...
             'polls',
         )
   
   2. Include the polls URLconf in your project urls.py like this::
   
         url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls')),
   
   3. Run `python manage.py syncdb` to create the polls models.
   
   4. Start the development server and visit http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/
     to create a poll (you'll need the Admin app enabled).
   
   5. Visit http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/ to participate in the poll.
   

4. Create a django-polls/LICENSE file. Choosing a license is beyond the scope of this tutorial, but suffice it to say that code released publicly without a license is useless. Django and many Django-compatible apps are distributed under the BSD license; however, you’re free to pick your own license. Just be aware that your licensing choice will affect who is able to use your code.

5. Next we’ll create a setup.py file which provides details about how to build and install the app. A full explanation of this file is beyond the scope of this tutorial, but the distribute docs have a good explanation. Create a file django-polls/setup.py with the following contents:

import os
from setuptools import setup

README = open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'README.txt')).read()

# allow setup.py to be run from any path
os.chdir(os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.path.abspath(__file__), os.pardir)))

setup(
    name = 'django-polls',
    version = '0.1',
    packages = ['polls'],
    include_package_data = True,
    license = 'BSD License', # example license
    description = 'A simple Django app to conduct Web-based polls.',
    long_description = README,
    url = 'http://www.example.com/',
    author = 'Your Name',
    author_email = 'yourname@example.com',
    classifiers = [
        'Environment :: Web Environment',
        'Framework :: Django',
        'Intended Audience :: Developers',
        'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License', # example license
        'Operating System :: OS Independent',
        'Programming Language :: Python',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
        'Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP',
        'Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content',
    ],
)

6. Only Python modules and packages are included in the package by default. To include additional files, we’ll need to create a MANIFEST.in file. The distribute docs referred to in the previous step discuss this file in more details. To include the templates and our LICENSE file, create a file django-polls/MANIFEST.in with the following contents:

   include LICENSE
   recursive-include polls/templates *
   

7. It’s optional, but recommended, to include detailed documentation with your app. Create an empty directory django-polls/docs for future documentation. Add an additional line to django-polls/MANIFEST.in:

   recursive-include docs *
   

   Note that the docs directory won’t be included in your package unless you add some files to it. Many Django apps also provide their documentation online through sites like readthedocs.org.

8. Try building your package with python setup.py sdist (run from inside django-polls). This creates a directory called dist and builds your new package, django-polls-0.1.tar.gz.

For more information on packaging, see The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Packaging.

Using your own package¶

Since we moved the polls directory out of the project, it’s no longer working. We’ll now fix this by installing our new django-polls package.

1. Inside django-polls/dist, untar the new package django-polls-0.1.tar.gz (e.g. tar xzvf django-polls-0.1.tar.gz). If you’re using Windows, you can download the command-line tool bsdtar to do this, or you can use a GUI-based tool such as 7-zip.

2. Change into the directory created in step 1 (e.g. cd django-polls-0.1).

3. If you’re using GNU/Linux, Mac OS X or some other flavor of Unix, enter the command python setup.py install --user at the shell prompt. If you’re using Windows, start up a command shell and run the command setup.py install --user.

   With luck, your Django project should now work correctly again. Run the server again to confirm this.

4. To uninstall the package, use pip (you already installed it, right?):

   pip uninstall django-polls
   

Publishing your app¶

Now that we’ve packaged and tested django-polls, it’s ready to share with the world! If this wasn’t just an example, you could now:

• Email the package to a friend.
• Upload the package on your Web site.
• Post the package on a public repository, such as The Python Package Index (PyPI).

For more information on PyPI, see the Quickstart section of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Packaging. One detail this guide mentions is choosing the license under which your code is distributed.

Installing Python packages with virtualenv¶

Earlier, we installed the polls app as a user library. This has some disadvantages:

• Modifying the user libraries can affect other Python software on your system.
• You won’t be able to run multiple versions of this package (or others with the same name).

Typically, these situations only arise once you’re maintaining several Django projects. When they do, the best solution is to use virtualenv. This tool allows you to maintain multiple isolated Python environments, each with its own copy of the libraries and package namespace.