Use bind mounts

Bind mounts have been around since the early days of Docker. Bind mounts have limited functionality compared to volumes. When you use a bind mount, a file or directory on the host machine is mounted into a container. The file or directory is referenced by its full or relative path on the host machine. By contrast, when you use a volume, a new directory is created within Docker’s storage directory on the host machine, and Docker manages that directory’s contents.

The file or directory does not need to exist on the Docker host already. It is created on demand if it does not yet exist. Bind mounts are very performant, but they rely on the host machine’s filesystem having a specific directory structure available. If you are developing new Docker applications, consider using named volumes instead. You can’t use Docker CLI commands to directly manage bind mounts.

Choosing the -v or –mount flag

Originally, the -v or --volume flag was used for standalone containers and the --mount flag was used for swarm services. However, starting with Docker 17.06, you can also use --mount with standalone containers. In general, --mount is more explicit and verbose. The biggest difference is that the -v syntax combines all the options together in one field, while the --mount syntax separates them. Here is a comparison of the syntax for each flag.

Tip: New users should use the --mount syntax. Experienced users may be more familiar with the -v or --volume syntax, but are encouraged to use --mount, because research has shown it to be easier to use.

• -v or --volume: Consists of three fields, separated by colon characters (:). The fields must be in the correct order, and the meaning of each field is not immediately obvious.
  • In the case of bind mounts, the first field is the path to the file or directory on the host machine.
  • The second field is the path where the file or directory will be mounted in the container.
  • The third field is optional, and is a comma-separated list of options, such as ro, consistent, delegated, cached, z, and Z. These options are discussed below.
• --mount: Consists of multiple key-value pairs, separated by commas and each consisting of a <key>=<value> tuple. The --mount syntax is more verbose than -v or --volume, but the order of the keys is not significant, and the value of the flag is easier to understand.
  • The type of the mount, which can be bind, volume, or tmpfs. This topic discusses bind mounts, so the type will always be bind.
  • The source of the mount. For bind mounts, this is the path to the file or directory on the Docker daemon host. May be specified as source or src.
  • The destination takes as its value the path where the file or directory will be mounted in the container. May be specified as destination, dst, or target.
  • The readonly option, if present, causes the bind mount to be mounted into the container as read-only.
  • The bind-propagation option, if present, changes the bind propagation. May be one of rprivate, private, rshared, shared, rslave, slave.
  • The consistency option, if present, may be one of consistent, delegated, or cached. This setting only applies to Docker for Mac, and is ignored on all other platforms.
  • The --mount flag does not support z or Z options for modifying selinux labels.

The examples below show both the --mount and -v syntax where possible, and --mount is presented first.

Differences between -v and --mount behavior

Because the -v and --volume flags have been a part of Docker for a long time, their behavior cannot be changed. This means that there is one behavior that is different between -v and --mount.

If you use -v or --volume to bind-mount a file or directory that does not yet exist on the Docker host, -v will create the endpoint for you. It is always created as a directory.

If you use --mount to bind-mount a file or directory that does not yet exist on the Docker host, Docker does not automatically create it for you, but generates an error.

Start a container with a bind mount

Consider a case where you have a directory source and that when you build the source code, the artifacts are saved into another directory source/target/. You want the artifacts to be available to the container at /app/, and you want the container to get access to a new build each time you build the source on your development host. Use the following command to bind-mount the target/ directory into your container at /app/. Run the command from within the source directory. The $(pwd) sub-command expands to the current working directory on Linux or macOS hosts.

The --mount and -v examples below produce the same result. You can’t run them both unless you remove the devtest container after running the first one.

• --mount
• -v

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)"/target,target=/app \
  nginx:latest

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  -v "$(pwd)"/target:/app \
  nginx:latest

Use docker inspect devtest to verify that the bind mount was created correctly. Look for the Mounts section:

"Mounts": [
    {
        "Type": "bind",
        "Source": "/tmp/source/target",
        "Destination": "/app",
        "Mode": "",
        "RW": true,
        "Propagation": "rprivate"
    }
],

This shows that the mount is a bind mount, it shows the correct source and destination, it shows that the mount is read-write, and that the propagation is set to rprivate.

Stop the container:

$ docker container stop devtest

$ docker container rm devtest

Mounting into a non-empty directory on the container

If you bind-mount into a non-empty directory on the container, the directory’s existing contents will be obscured by the bind mount. This can be beneficial, such as when you want to test a new version of your application without building a new image. However, it can also be surprising and this behavior differs from that of docker volumes.

This example is contrived to be extreme, but will replace the contents of the container’s /usr/ directory with the /tmp/ directory on the host machine. In most cases, this would result in a non-functioning container.

The --mount and -v examples have the same end result.

• --mount
• -v

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name broken-container \
  --mount type=bind,source=/tmp,target=/usr \
  nginx:latest

docker: Error response from daemon: oci runtime error: container_linux.go:262:
starting container process caused "exec: \"nginx\": executable file not found in $PATH".

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name broken-container \
  -v /tmp:/usr \
  nginx:latest

docker: Error response from daemon: oci runtime error: container_linux.go:262:
starting container process caused "exec: \"nginx\": executable file not found in $PATH".

The container is created but does not start. Remove it:

$ docker container rm broken-container

Use a read-only bind mount

For some development applications, it is useful for the container to be able to write into the bind mount, in order for changes to be propagated back to the Docker host. At other times, the container should only be able to read the data and not modify it.

This example modifies the one above but mounts the directory as a read-only bind mount, by adding ro to the (empty by default) list of options, after the mount point within the container. Where multiple options are present, separate them by commas.

The --mount and -v examples have the same result.

• --mount
• -v

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)"/target,target=/app,readonly \
  nginx:latest

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  -v "$(pwd)"/target:/app:ro \
  nginx:latest

Use docker inspect devtest to verify that the bind mount was created correctly. Look for the Mounts section:

"Mounts": [
    {
        "Type": "bind",
        "Source": "/tmp/source/target",
        "Destination": "/app",
        "Mode": "ro",
        "RW": false,
        "Propagation": "rprivate"
    }
],

Stop the container:

$ docker container stop devtest

$ docker container rm devtest

Configure bind propagation

Bind propagation defaults to rprivate for both bind mounts and volumes. It is only configurable for bind mounts, and only on Linux host machines. Bind propagation is an advanced topic and many users never need to configure it.

Bind propagation refers to whether or not mounts created within a given bind-mount or named volume can be propagated to replicas of that mount. Consider a mount point /mnt, which is also mounted on /tmp. The propagation settings control whether a mount on /tmp/a would also be available on /mnt/a. Each propagation setting has a recursive counterpoint. In the case of recursion, consider that /tmp/a is also mounted as /foo. The propagation settings control whether /mnt/a and/or /tmp/a would exist.

Before you can set bind propagation on a mount point, the host filesystem needs to already support bind propagation.

For more information about bind propagation, see the Linux kernel documentation for shared subtree.

The following example mounts the target/ directory into the container twice, and the second mount sets both the ro option and the rslave bind propagation option.

The --mount and -v examples have the same result.

• --mount
• -v

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)"/target,target=/app \
  --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)"/target,target=/app2,readonly,bind-propagation=rslave \
  nginx:latest

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  -v "$(pwd)"/target:/app \
  -v "$(pwd)"/target:/app2:ro,rslave \
  nginx:latest

Now if you create /app/foo/, /app2/foo/ will also exist.

Configure the selinux label

If you use selinux you can add the z or Z options to modify the selinux label of the host file or directory being mounted into the container. This affects the file or directory on the host machine itself and can have consequences outside of the scope of Docker.

• The z option indicates that the bind mount content is shared among multiple containers.
• The Z option indicates that the bind mount content is private and unshared.

Use extreme caution with these options. Bind-mounting a system directory such as /home or /usr with the Z option will render your host machine inoperable and you may need to relabel the host machine files by hand.

Important: When using bind mounts with services, selinux labels (:Z and :z), as well as :ro are ignored. See moby/moby #32579 for details.

This example sets the z option to specify that multiple containers can share the bind mount’s contents:

It is not possible to modify the selinux label using the --mount flag.

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  -v "$(pwd)"/target:/app:z \
  nginx:latest

Configure mount consistency for macOS

Docker for Mac uses osxfs to propagate directories and files shared from macOS to the Linux VM. This propagation makes these directories and files available to Docker containers running on Docker for Mac.

By default, these shares are fully-consistent, meaning that every time a write happens on the macOS host or through a mount in a container, the changes are flushed to disk so that all participants in the share have a fully-consistent view. Full consistency can severely impact performance in some cases. Docker 17.05 and higher introduce options to tune the consistency setting on a per-mount, per-container basis. The following options are available:

• consistent or default: The default setting with full consistency, as described above.

• delegated: The container runtime’s view of the mount is authoritative. There may be delays before updates made in a container are visible on the host.

• cached: The macOS host’s view of the mount is authoritative. There may be delays before updates made on the host are visible within a container.

These options are completely ignored on all host operating systems except macOS.

The --mount and -v examples have the same result.

• --mount
• -v

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  --mount type=bind,source="$(pwd)"/target,destination=/app,consistency=cached \
  nginx:latest

$ docker run -d \
  -it \
  --name devtest \
  -v "$(pwd)"/target:/app:cached \
  nginx:latest

Next steps

• Learn about volumes.
• Learn about tmpfs mounts.
• Learn about storage drivers.